Senior administration officials who briefed reporters on the proposal said the White House was fully aligned with the tax-writing committees in the House and Senate, after months of private talks aimed at gaining consensus on the issue.
While the Republican leadership claims to be unified on the tax plan, they must now sell it to lawmakers who have proved to be deeply divided this year. At a House retreat on Wednesday morning, Representative Kevin Brady of Texas, the Republican chairman of the Ways and Means Committee, walked members through the framework and talked about the importance of coming together to fix the tax code.
“Today is not about the House plan, it’s about a unified framework,” Mr. Brady said, according to a person in the room.
Enthusiasm about cutting taxes was palpable at times. When Rep. Peter Roskam of Illinois, the tax policy chairman on the committee, detailed plans to dump the A.M.T. and estate taxes, the audience in the room erupted in cheers.
Democrats and progressive groups, meanwhile, swiftly denounced the tax plan as a false promise to the middle class.
“If this framework is all about the middle class, then Trump tower is middle-class housing,” said Senator Ron Wyden, a Democrat from Oregon. “It violates Trump’s tax pledge that the rich would not gain at all under his plan by offering sweetheart deals for powerful CEOs, giveaways for campaign coffers and a new way to cheat taxes for Mar-a-Lago’s loyal members.”
After months of secret talks, the proposal produced by the so-called Big Six working group provides as many questions as it does answers. Without those details, it is difficult to say whether middle-income families will see the most benefit from the tax overhaul or if it will favor the richest Americans.
On the individual side, the plan would collapse the tax brackets from seven to three, with tax rates of 12 percent, 25 percent and 35 percent, administration officials said. The current top rate is 39.6 percent and the lowest rate is 10 percent.
The framework also gives Congress the option of creating a higher, fourth, rate above 35 percent to ensure that the rich are paying their fair share. But it does not specify what income levels would be associated with the higher rate, what that new rate might be or explicitly direct Congress to implement a fourth bracket.
The plan aims to simplify and cut taxes for the middle class by doubling the standard deduction to $12,000 for individuals and to $24,000 for married couples. That would allow people to avoid a complicated process of itemizing their taxes to claim various credits and deductions. It would also increase the child tax credit from $1,000 to an unspecified amount and create a new $500 tax credit for dependents, such as the elderly, who are not children.
Provisions such as the alternative minimum tax and the estate tax, a tax on inherited wealth which Mr. Trump has derided over the years, would be gone under the Republican proposal. Most itemized deductions, including those widely used for state and local tax expenses, would also be eliminated. However, the plan would preserve the deductions for mortgage interest expenses and charitable giving and keep incentives for education and retirement savings plans.
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The New York Times on Wednesday obtained the Trump administration's proposed tax framework that includes what would be the most sweeping changes to the tax code in decades.
The changes to taxation for companies would be equally dramatic. The proposal calls for reducing the corporate tax rate to 20 percent from 35 percent, a shift that is intended to make American companies more competitive with their counterparts around the world.
On Wednesday, Mr. Trump said his earlier calls for a corporate tax rate of 15 percent — which he repeated as recently as this week — was simply a negotiating tactic.
“I wanted to start at 15 so that we got 20,” Mr. Trump said. “20 is a perfect number.”
A new tax rate would be created for so-called pass-through businesses. These businesses, partnerships and sole proprietorships whose profits “pass through” to their owners, would be taxed at a rate of 25 percent, not the individual rate of their owners, like under the current law. About 95 percent of businesses in the United States are structured as pass-throughs and they generate a majority of the government’s corporate tax revenue.
As with the individual side, some of the thornier business tax issues remain unaddressed. It will be left to Congress to create safeguards that prevent wealthy individuals from incorporating as pass-through businesses, which would tax their income at a lower rate. Another administration official insisted that measures would be put in place so that there are not “games played” in this regard.
Another big change for companies would be a limitation of the deductibility for corporate interest expenses in exchange for the opportunity to immediately expense business investments. The ability to write these expenses off immediately would last only five years, and the limitations for deducting interest have yet to be determined. This is expected to set off a fight among business groups, many seeking either full deductibility or permanent immediate expensing.
The plan also calls on the tax committees to eliminate most of the tax credits that businesses currently use. Among those that would remain are the prized tax credit for research and development and the low-income-housing credit, which many Democrats support.
Perhaps the most major yet murky shift on the business side is the move from a worldwide tax system to a territorial tax system. In theory this means that companies would not be taxed on their overseas earnings, but to prevent erosion of the tax base, Republicans plan to impose some form of tax on foreign profits at a rate that has yet to be determined.
The transition to the new system would also include a one-time repatriation tax to encourage companies to bring offshore profits back to the United States. There would be different repatriation rates for different types of assets, but as with many parts of the proposal, the rates would be up to Congress to decide.
Administration officials did not provide a cost estimate for the plan. Members of the Senate Budget Committee have agreed on a budget resolution that would allow for a $1.5 trillion tax cut over 10 years. Studies of similar plans produced by Mr. Trump and House Republicans have been projected to cost $3 trillion to $7 trillion over a decade.
A preliminary estimate from the nonpartisan Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget found that the policies in the framework would cost around $2.2 trillion over a decade.
The Republicans pitching the plan say economic growth will compensate for lost revenue. During the campaign, Mr. Trump said overhauling the tax code would raise economic growth to 4 percent.
Senator Pat Toomey, a Pennsylvania Republican who sits on the finance committee, said he was confident that a growing economy would pay for the tax cuts and that the plan was fiscally responsible.
“This tax plan will be deficit reducing,” Mr. Toomey said.
Conservative groups such as Heritage Action and the Club for Growth cheered the release of the tax plan on Wednesday as a remedy desperately needed to kick-start a sluggish economy.
“The outline is both aggressive and very pro-growth with its rate reductions,” said David McIntosh, president of the Club for Growth.
Grover Norquist, president of Americans for Tax Reform, celebrated the proposal as a plan that would “turbocharge the economy” and make America the best place in the world to invest.
The Senate Democratic leader, Chuck Schumer of New York, branded the tax proposal as a boon to the rich, calling it “little more than an across-the-board tax cut for America’s millionaires and billionaires” that would do little, at best, for middle-class people.
“It seems that President Trump and Republicans have designed their plan to be cheered in the country clubs and the corporate boardrooms,” Mr. Schumer said.
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